Journal Article

·2026

Development of Bigels Using Citrus Fiber and Beeswax: Application in Cocoa Spread Formulation as Palm Oil Alternative

Ezgi Genc Yılmaz , Alican Akçiçek YTU , Taylan Kablan YTU , Muhammed Özgölet YTU , Salih Karasu YTU

Journal of Food Process Engineering

Abstract

ABSTRACT In this study, bigel systems were developed as potential alternatives to palm oil in cocoa spreads. This study developed citrus fiber (CF)‐based bigel systems as alternatives to palm oil in cocoa spreads. Bigels were formulated by combining hydrogels (HG) containing CF (5% and 7.5%) with olive oil oleogels (OG) structured using 10% beeswax at different HG:OG ratios (80:20, 50:50, and 20:80). All bigels exhibited higher storage ( G ′) and loss ( G ″) moduli than palm oil, indicating enhanced viscoelastic behavior. Increasing the oleogel fraction improved the structural integrity of the bigel network. Bigels containing 7.5% CF were incorporated into cocoa spreads, where higher oleogel ratios increased the solid character ( G ′). All bigel‐enriched cocoa spreads showed thixotropic behavior with lower deformation and higher structural recovery compared to palm oil‐based spreads. Additionally, bigel addition improved temperature‐dependent stability. These results demonstrate that CF‐based bigels provide a compact, viscoelastic, and stable fat system, highlighting their potential as palm oil replacers in cocoa spread formulations.

Keywords

Palm oil Palm Fiber Thixotropy Beeswax Oil mill Food science Chemistry Pulp and paper industry

Subject Areas

Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis ·Food Science ·Life Sciences
Proteins in Food Systems ·Food Science ·Life Sciences
Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging ·Biomaterials ·Physical Sciences