Titaniumdioxide Reinforced Glass-Ionomers with Different Surface Roughness Measurement Methods

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two different methods [contact profilometry and optic profilometry with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based stereographic imaging] for surface roughness measurements of titanium dioxide(TiO2) reinforced glass-ionomer cements(GIC) after glaze application. Conventional GIC(Ionofil Molar, Voco GmbH) was reinforced with varying amounts of TiO2(wt 0.1%,0.5%,1%,2%) and functionalized TiO2 nanotubes. The specimens were assigned to 9 groups: GIM0:no addition TiO2 (control),GIM1:0.1%TiO2, GIM2:0.5%TiO2, GIM3:1%TiO2, GIM4:2%TiO2, GIM1f:0.1%fTiO2, GIM2f:0.5%fTiO2, GIM3f:1%fTiO2, GIM4f:2%fTiO2. After the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes, characterization was performed with X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy, Disc-shaped specimens(5x2mm) were fabricated and then glaze(Easy Glaze, Voco, Germany) was applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions. They were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 24h. For surface roughness(Ra,µm) evaluations, contact profilometry(Mahr,Marsurf PS1)(n=10) and 3D SEM assisted optical profilometry (Phenom XL,Thermo Fisher Scientific)(n=2) were used. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were conducted for statistical analyses(p0.05). According to 3D SEM evaluations, comparing non-functionalization groups, GIM1 and GIM3 showed statistically higher surface roughness than control group(p